Okay, so you sign up for Internet access, and your ISP sends you a sheet of paper covered with indecipherable stuff that looks like Egyptian hieroglyphics. Don’t worry; those are the settings that you need to connect to your ISP. After you get them in Mac OS X, you should be surfing the Web like an old pro.

Before you jump into this configuration, make sure that you’ve configured the Internet settings within System Preferences. That way, you’ll already have entered your default email and Web settings.

Using your internal modem

Follow these steps to set up your Internet connection if you’re using your Mac’s internal modem:

Select Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) and click Properties Step 4 Click on the General tab and check Obtain and IP address automatically. Click OK Step 5 If Internet Protocol TCP/IP is not in the list of installed components in Step 3, then click on Install, Protocol, and click on Add. TCP/IP, the protocol on which the Internet is built, is actually not a single protocol but rather an entire suite of related protocols. TCP is even older than Ethernet. It was first conceived in 1969 by the Department of Defense. Currently, the Internet Engineering Task Force, or IETF, manages the TCP/IP protocol suite. The TCP/IP. The fields of the IP packet are as follows:. Version —Indicates the version of this IP datagram. IP Header Length (IHL) —Indicates the datagram header length in 32-bit words. Type-of-Service —Specifies how a particular upper-layer protocol would like the current datagram to be handled. Datagrams can be assigned various levels of importance using this field.

1. Click the System Preferences icon on the Dock and choose Network.

2. Select Internal Modem from the Show drop-down list.

3. Click the TCP/IP tab (as shown in Figure 1) and enter the settings for the type of connection that your ISP provides:

• If your ISP tells you to use PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol): Click the Configure IPv4 drop-down list and choose Using PPP. If your ISP provided you with DNS Server or Search Domain addresses, type them now in the corresponding boxes.

• If you’re using AOL: Click the Configure IPv4 drop-down list and choose AOL Dialup. If AOL provided you with DNS Server or Search Domain addresses, click in the corresponding box and type them now.

• If you’re using a manual connection: Click the Configure IPv4 drop-down list box and choose Manually. Then click in the IP Address, DNS Servers, and Search Domains fields and enter the respective settings provided by your ISP.

Figure 1: The Network settings for an internal modem Internet connection.

4. Click the PPP tab to display the settings shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2: Adding PPP settings.

5. In their respective fields, enter the account name, password, telephone number, and (optionally) the service provider name and an alternate telephone number provided by your ISP.

6. Press COMMAND+Q to exit System Preferences and save your changes.

Using Ethernet hardware

Follow these steps to set up your Internet connection if you’re using a network, cable modem, or DSL connection:

1. Click the System Preferences icon on the Dock and choose Network.

2. Select Built-in Ethernet from the Show drop-down list to display the settings that you see in Figure 3.

Figure 3: The Network settings for an Ethernet Internet connection.

3. Enter the settings for the type of connection that your ISP provides:

• If your ISP tells you to use Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP): Select Using DHCP from the Configure IPv4 drop-down list, and your ISP can automatically set up virtually all the TCP/IP settings for you! (No wonder DHCP is so popular these days.)

• If you won’t be using DHCP, select Manually from the Configure IPv4 drop-down list box. Then enter the settings provided by your ISP in the IP Address, Subnet Mask, Router, and DNS Servers fields.

4. If your ISP uses PPPoE (Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet), click the PPPoE tab to display the settings shown in Figure 4.

5. Mark the Connect Using PPPoE check box to enable it and then enter the account name and password.

If your ISP includes the Service Provider name and a PPPoE Service Name, you can enter those as well.

6. To allow everyone who uses your Mac to access the Internet with this account, mark the Save Password check box to enable it.

Enable the Show PPPoE Status in Menu Bar check box. When you do, Mac OS X displays a menu bar icon that lets you know the status of your PPPoE connection.

7. Press COMMAND+Q to exit System Preferences and save your changes.

In computer networking, the maximum transmission unit (MTU) is the size of the largest protocol data unit (PDU) that can be communicated in a single network layer transaction.^[1] The MTU relates to, but is not identical to the maximum frame size that can be transported on the data link layer, e.g. Ethernet frame.

Larger MTU is associated with reduced overhead. Smaller MTU values can reduce network delay. In many cases, MTU is dependent on underlying network capabilities and must be adjusted manually or automatically so as to not exceed these capabilities. MTU parameters may appear in association with a communications interface or standard. Some systems may decide MTU at connect time.

Applicability[edit]

MTUs apply to communications protocols and network layers. The MTU is specified in terms of bytes or octets of the largest PDU that the layer can pass onwards. MTU parameters usually appear in association with a communications interface (NIC, serial port, etc.). Standards (Ethernet, for example) can fix the size of an MTU; or systems (such as point-to-point serial links) may decide MTU at connect time.

Underlying data link and physical layers usually add overhead to the network layer data to be transported, so for a given maximum frame size of a medium one needs to subtract the amount of overhead to calculate that medium's MTU. For example, with Ethernet, the maximum frame size is 1518 bytes, 18 bytes of which are overhead (header and frame check sequence), resulting in an MTU of 1500 bytes.

Tradeoffs[edit]

A larger MTU brings greater efficiency because each network packet carries more user data while protocol overheads, such as headers or underlying per-packet delays, remain fixed; the resulting higher efficiency means an improvement in bulk protocol throughput. A larger MTU also requires processing of fewer packets for the same amount of data. In some systems, per-packet-processing can be a critical performance limitation.

However, this gain is not without a downside. Large packets occupy a slow link for more time than a smaller packet, causing greater delays to subsequent packets, and increasing network delay and delay variation. For example, a 1500-byte packet, the largest allowed by Ethernet at the network layer, ties up a 14.4k modem for about one second.

Large packets are also problematic in the presence of communications errors. If no forward error correction is used, corruption of a single bit in a packet requires that the entire packet be retransmitted, which can be costly. At a given bit error rate, larger packets are more susceptible to corruption. Their greater payload makes retransmissions of larger packets take longer. Despite the negative effects on retransmission duration, large packets can still have a net positive effect on end-to-end TCP performance.^[2]

Internet protocol[edit]

The Internet protocol suite was designed to work over many different networking technologies, each of which may use packets of different sizes. While a host will know the MTU of its own interface and possibly that of its peers (from initial handshakes), it will not initially know the lowest MTU in a chain of links to other peers. Another potential problem is that higher-level protocols may create packets larger than even the local link supports.

IPv4 allows fragmentation which divides the datagram into pieces, each small enough to accommodate a specified MTU limitation. This fragmentation process takes place at the internet layer. The fragmented packets are marked so that the IP layer of the destination host knows it should reassemble the packets into the original datagram.

All fragments of a packet must arrive for the packet to be considered received. If the network drops any fragment, the entire packet is lost.

When the number of packets that must be fragmented or the number of fragments is great, fragmentation can cause unreasonable or unnecessary overhead. For example, various tunneling situations may exceed the MTU by very little as they add just a header's worth of data. The addition is small, but each packet now has to be sent in two fragments, the second of which carries very little payload. The same amount of payload is being moved, but every intermediate router has to forward twice as many packets.

The Internet Protocol requires that hosts must be able to process IP datagrams of at least 576 bytes (for IPv4) or 1280 bytes (for IPv6). However, this does not preclude link layers with an MTU smaller than this minimum MTU from conveying IP data. For example, according to IPv6's specification, if a particular link layer cannot deliver an IP datagram of 1280 bytes in a single frame, then the link layer must provide its own fragmentation and reassembly mechanism, separate from the IP fragmentation mechanism, to ensure that a 1280-byte IP datagram can be delivered, intact, to the IP layer.

MTUs for common media[edit]

In the context of Internet Protocol, MTU refers to the maximum size of an IP packet that can be transmitted without fragmentation over a given medium. The size of an IP packet includes IP headers but excludes headers from the link layer. In the case of an Ethernet frame this adds an overhead of 18 bytes, or 22 bytes with an IEEE 802.1Q tag for VLAN tagging or class of service.

The MTU should not be confused with the minimum datagram size that all hosts must be prepared to accept. This is 576 bytes for IPv4^[3] and of 1280 bytes for IPv6.^[4]

Ethernet maximum frame size[edit]

The IP MTU and Ethernet maximum frame size are configured separately. In Ethernet switch configuration, MTU may refer to Ethernet maximum frame size. In Ethernet-based routers, MTU normally refers to the IP MTU. If jumbo frames are allowed in a network, the IP MTU should also be adjusted upwards to take advantage of this.

Since the IP packet is carried by an Ethernet frame, the Ethernet frame has to be larger than the IP packet. With the normal untagged Ethernet frame overhead of 18 bytes, the Ethernet maximum frame size is 1518 bytes. If a 1500 byte IP packet is to be carried over a tagged Ethernet connection, the Ethernet frame maximum size needs to be 1522 due to the larger size of an 802.1Q tagged frame. 802.3ac increases the standard Ethernet maximum frame size to accommodate this.

Path MTU Discovery[edit]

The Internet Protocol defines the path MTU of an Internet transmission path as the smallest MTU supported by any of the hops on the path between a source and destination. Put another way, the path MTU is the largest packet size that can traverse this path without suffering fragmentation.

RFC1191 (IPv4) and RFC1981 (IPv6) describe Path MTU Discovery, a technique for determining the path MTU between two IP hosts. It works by sending packets with the DF (don't fragment) option in the IP header set. Any device along the path whose MTU is smaller than the packet will drop such packets and send back an ICMP Destination Unreachable (Datagram Too Big) message which indicates its MTU. This information allows the source host to reduce its assumed path MTU appropriately. The process repeats until the MTU becomes small enough to traverse the entire path without fragmentation.

Tcp Ip Protocol Pdf

Standard Ethernet supports an MTU of 1500 bytes and Ethernet implementation supporting jumbo frames, allow for an MTU up to 9000 bytes. However, border protocols like PPPoE will reduce this. Path MTU Discovery exposes the difference between the MTU seen by Ethernet end-nodes and the Path MTU

Unfortunately, increasing numbers of networks drop ICMP traffic (for example, to prevent denial-of-service attacks), which prevents path MTU discovery from working. RFC4821, Packetization Layer Path MTU Discovery, describes a Path MTU Discovery technique which responds more robustly to ICMP filtering. In an IP network, the path from the source address to the destination address may change in response to various events (load-balancing, congestion, outages, etc.) and this could result in the path MTU changing (sometimes repeatedly) during a transmission, which may introduce further packet drops before the host finds a new reliable MTU.

A failure of Path MTU Discovery carries the possible result of making some sites behind badly configured firewalls unreachable. A connection with mismatched MTU may work for low-volume data but fail as soon as a host sends a large block of data. For example, with Internet Relay Chat a connecting client might see the initial messages up to and including the initial ping (sent by the server as an anti-spoofing measure), but get no response after that. This is because the large set of welcome messages sent at that point are packets that exceed the path MTU. One can possibly work around this, depending on which part of the network one controls; for example one can change the MSS (maximum segment size) in the initial packet that sets up the TCP connection at one's firewall.

In other contexts[edit]

Mac Tcp Ip

MTU is sometimes used to describe the maximum PDU sizes in communication layers other than the network layer.

• Cisco Systems use L2 MTU for the maximum frame size.^[19]
• Dell/Force10 use MTU for the maximum frame size.^[20]
• Hewlett Packard used just MTU for the maximum frame size including the optional IEEE 802.1Q tag.^[21]
• Juniper Networks use several MTU terms: Physical Interface MTU (L3 MTU plus some unspecified protocol overhead), Logical Interface MTU (consistent with IETF MTU) and Maximum MTU (maximum configurable frame size for jumbo frames).^[22]

Tcp Ip Protocol Driver

The transmission of a packet on a physical network segment that is larger than the segment's MTU is known as jabber. This is almost always caused by faulty devices.^[23]Network switches and some repeater hubs have a built-in capability to detect when a device is jabbering.^[24][25]

Tcp Ip Protocol List

References[edit]

1. ^RFC 791. p. 25. doi:10.17487/RFC0791.
2. ^Murray, David; Terry Koziniec; Kevin Lee; Michael Dixon (2012). 'Large MTUs and internet performance'. 2012 IEEE 13th International Conference on High Performance Switching and Routing. pp. 82–87. doi:10.1109/HPSR.2012.6260832. ISBN978-1-4577-0833-6.
3. ^RFC 791. p. 24. doi:10.17487/RFC0791. Every internet destination must be able to receive a datagram of 576 octets either in one piece or in fragments to be reassembled.
4. ^RFC 2460. p. 13. doi:10.17487/RFC2460.
5. ^RFC 791. p. 24. doi:10.17487/RFC0791. Every internet module must be able to forward a datagram of 68 octets without further fragmentation.
6. ^RFC 791. p. 12. doi:10.17487/RFC0791. Total Length is the length of the datagram, measured in octets, including internet header and data. This field allows the length of a datagram to be up to 65,535 octets.
7. ^ ^abRFC 1191. doi:10.17487/RFC1191.
8. ^RFC2460
9. ^RFC2675, p. 1, 'The IPv6 header [IPv6] has a 16-bit Payload Length field and, therefore, supports payloads up to 65,535 octets long. This document specifies an IPv6 hop-by-hop option, called the Jumbo Payload option, that carries a 32-bit length field in order to allow transmission of IPv6 packets with payloads between 65,536 and 4,294,967,295 octets in length. Packets with such long payloads are referred to as 'jumbograms'.'
10. ^RFC6145
11. ^ Network Working Group of the IETF, RFC894: A Standard for the Transmission of IP Datagrams over Ethernet Networks, Page 1, 'The maximum length of the data field of a packet sent over an Ethernet is 1500 octets, thus the maximum length of an IP datagram sent over an Ethernet is 1500 octets.', ERRATA
12. ^IEEE 802.3^{[page needed]}
13. ^Scott Hogg (2013-03-06), Jumbo Frames, Network World, retrieved 2013-08-05, Most network devices support a jumbo frame size of 9216 bytes.
14. ^Juniper Networks (2020-03-23), Physical Interface Properties, retrieved 2020-05-01
15. ^Joe St Sauver (2003-02-04). 'Practical Issues Associated With 9K MTUs'(PDF). uoregon.edu. p. 67. Retrieved 2016-12-15. you still need to insure that ALL upstream Ethernet switches, including any switches in your campus core, are ALSO jumbo frame capable
16. ^RFC2516 with the standard Ethernet MTU of 1500 bytes; extensions exist
17. ^RFC4638
18. ^802.11-2012, page 413, section 8.3.2.1
19. ^'Configure and Verify Maximum Transmission Unit on Cisco Nexus Platforms'. Cisco. 2016-11-29. Document ID:118994. Retrieved 2017-01-04.
20. ^'How to configure MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit) for Jumbo Frames on Dell Networking Force10 switches'. Dell. 2016-06-02. Article ID: HOW10713. Retrieved 2017-01-06.
21. ^'Jumbo Frames'. HP Networking 2910al Switches Management and Configuration Guide. Hewlett Packard. November 2011. P/N 5998-2874.
22. ^'SRX Series Services Gateways for the Branch Physical Interface Modules Reference: MTU Default and Maximum Values for Physical Interface Modules'. Juniper. 2014-01-03. Retrieved 2017-01-04.
23. ^jabber, The Network Encyclopedia, retrieved 2016-07-28
24. ^show interfaces, Juniper Networks, retrieved 2016-07-28
25. ^IEEE 802.3 27.3.1.7 Receive jabber functional requirements

What Is Tcp Ip Protocol

External links[edit]

• Marc Slemko (January 18, 1998). 'Path MTU Discovery and Filtering ICMP'. Archived from the original on August 9, 2011. Retrieved 2007-09-02.
• mturoute – a console utility for debugging mtu problems